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What is a Circuit?

Wall's Corners

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Title: What is a Circuit?
Author: Wall's Corners
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Overview Welcome to circuits 101! One of the first things you’ll encounter when learning about electronics is the concept of a circuit . T...

<div class="section tutorial-page">
<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2>
<p>Welcome to circuits 101! One of the first things you’ll encounter when learning about electronics is the concept of a <strong>circuit</strong>. This tutorial will explain what a circuit is, as well as discuss <strong>voltage</strong> in further detail.</p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/2odK90Q" target="_blank"><img alt="Picture of Circuit" src="http://bit.ly/2pcMYUl" /></a></p>
<p><em>A simple circuit, involving a <a href="http://bit.ly/2odR1ew" target="_blank">button</a>, an <a href="http://bit.ly/1WBzUB8" target="_blank">LED</a>, and a <a href="http://bit.ly/2odGTTm" target="_blank">resistor</a>, built two different ways.</em></p>
<h3>Suggested Reading</h3>
<p>There are a few concepts you should have a good understanding of to help you get the most out of this tutorial.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://bit.ly/2pcRZMP" target="_blank">What is Electricity?</a></li>
<li><a href="http://bit.ly/2pfbeCs" target="_blank">Electric Power</a></li>
<li><a href="http://bit.ly/2nL8cZL" target="_blank">Voltage, Current, Resistance, and Ohm’s Law</a></li>
<li><a href="http://bit.ly/2pfeT39" target="_blank">Alternating Current (AC) vs Direct Current (DC)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://bit.ly/2nLfywj" target="_blank">Polarity</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section tutorial-page">
<h2 id="circuit-basics">Circuit Basics</h2>
<h3>Voltage and How it Works</h3>
<p>You’ve probably heard that a battery or a wall outlet has a certain number of <strong>volts</strong>. This is a measurement of the electrical <strong>potential</strong> produced by the battery, or the utility grid connected to the wall outlet.</p>
<p>All those volts are sitting there waiting for you to use them, but there’s a catch: <strong>in order for electricity to do any work, it needs to be able to move</strong>. It’s kind of like a blown-up balloon; if you pinch it off, there is air in there that <em>could</em> do something if it’s released, but it won’t actually do anything until you let it out.</p>
<p>Unlike air coming out of a balloon, electricity can only flow through materials that can conduct electricity, such as copper wire. If you connect a wire to a battery or wall outlet (<strong>WARNING:</strong> the voltage in a wall outlet is dangerous, don’t do this!), you will be giving the electricity a path to follow. But if the wire isn’t connected to anything else, the electricity won’t have anywhere to go and still won’t move.</p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/2pfdn1j" target="_blank"><img alt="alt text" src="http://bit.ly/2pfdn1j" /></a></p>
<p>What makes electricity move? <strong>Electricity wants to flow from a higher voltage to a lower voltage.</strong> This is exactly like the balloon: the pressurized air in the balloon wants to flow from inside the balloon (higher pressure) to outside the balloon (lower pressure). If you create a conductive path between a higher voltage and a lower voltage, electricity will flow along that path. And if you insert something useful into that path like an <a href="http://bit.ly/1UhB2tm" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="LED"><strong>LED</strong></a>, the flowing electricity will do some work for you, like lighting up that LED. Huzzah!</p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/2pfgmXi" target="_blank"><img alt="alt text" src="http://bit.ly/2pfgmXi" /></a></p>
<p>So, where do you find a higher voltage and a lower voltage? Here’s something really useful to know: <strong>every source of electricity has two sides</strong>. You can see this on batteries, which have metal caps on both ends, or your wall outlet that has two (or more) holes. In batteries and other <a href="http://bit.ly/2nL12EF" target="_blank">DC (Direct Current)</a> voltage sources, these sides (often called <strong>terminals</strong>) are named <strong>positive</strong> (or “+”), and <strong>negative</strong> (or “-”).</p>
<p>Why does every source of electricity have two sides? This goes back to the idea of “potential”, and that you need a voltage difference in order to get electricity to flow. It sounds silly, but you can’t have a difference without two things to be different. In any power supply, the positive side will have a higher voltage than the negative side, which is exactly what we want. In fact, when we measure voltage, we usually say that the negative side is 0 volts, and the positive side is however many volts the supply can provide.</p>
<p>Electrical sources are like pumps. Pumps always have two sides, an outlet that blows something out, and an inlet that sucks something in. Batteries and generators and solar panels work the same way. Something inside them is hard at work moving electricity towards the outlet (the positive side), but all that electricity leaving the device creates a void, which means that the negative side needs to pull electricity in to replace it.<a href="http://bit.ly/2pf61KS" target="_blank">*</a></p>
<p>What have we learned so far?</p>
<ul>
<li>Voltage is potential, but electricity needs to flow to do anything useful.</li>
<li>Electricity needs a path to flow through, which must be an electrical conductor such as copper wire.</li>
<li>Electricity will flow from a higher voltage to a lower voltage.</li>
<li>DC voltage sources always have two sides, called positive and negative, with the positive side a higher voltage than the negative side.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Simplest Circuit</h3>
<p>We’re finally ready to make electricity work for us! If we connect the positive side of a voltage source, through something that does some work such as a <a href="http://bit.ly/1Pt3Au6" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="Light"><strong>Light</strong></a> Emitting Diode (LED), and back to the negative side of the voltage source; electricity, or <strong>current</strong>, will flow. And we can put things in the path that do useful things when current flows through them, like LEDs that <a href="http://bit.ly/1T1Ll2n" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="Create your own musical light show with Raspberry Pi"><strong>light</strong></a> up.</p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/2nKYAOC" target="_blank"><img alt="alt text" src="http://bit.ly/2nKYAOC" /></a></p>
<p><strong>This circular path, which is always required to get electricity to flow and do something useful, is called a circuit.</strong> A circuit is a path that starts and stops at the same place, which is exactly what we’re doing.</p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/2pflN8N" target="_blank">Click this link</a> to see a simulation of current flowing through a simple circuit. This simulation requires Java to run.</p>
<hr />
<p><a id="franklin" name="franklin"></a>*Benjamin Franklin originally wrote that electricity flows from the positive side of a voltage source to the negative side. However, Franklin had no way of knowing that <a href="http://bit.ly/2nL8ccd" target="_blank">electrons actually flow in the opposite direction</a> – at the atomic level, they come out of the negative side and loop back to the positive side. Because engineers followed Franklin’s lead for hundreds of years before the truth was discovered, we still use the “wrong” convention to this day. Practically speaking this detail doesn’t matter, and as long as everyone uses the same convention, we can all build circuits that work just fine.</p>
</div>
<div class="section tutorial-page">
<h2 id="short-and-open-circuits">Short and Open Circuits</h2>
<h3>What is a “Load”?</h3>
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<p>The reason we want to build circuits is to make electricity do useful things for us. The way we do that is by putting things in the circuit that use the current flow to <a href="http://bit.ly/2fmjZIw" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="Arduino Street Traffic Light - Breadboard Edition"><strong>light</strong></a> up, make noise, run programs, etc.</p>
<p>These things are called <strong>loads</strong>, because they “load down” the power supply, just like you’re “loaded down” when you’re carrying something. The same way you could be loaded down with too much weight, it’s possible to load down a power supply too much, which will slow down the current flow. But unlike you, it’s also possible to load down a circuit too little – this may let too much current flow (imagine running too fast if you weren’t carrying any weight), which can burn out your parts or even the power supply.</p>
<p>You’ll learn all about voltage, current, and loads in the next tutorial: <a href="http://bit.ly/2nLgalw" target="_blank">Voltage, Current, Resistance, and Ohm’s Law</a>. But for now, let’s learn about two special cases of circuit: <strong>short circuit</strong>, and <strong>open circuit</strong>. Knowing about these will help tremendously when you’re troubleshooting your own circuits.</p>
<h3>Short Circuit<a id="short" name="short"></a></h3>
<p>DON’T DO THIS, but if you connect a wire directly from the positive to the negative side of a power supply, you’ll create what is called a <strong>short circuit</strong>. This is a very bad idea.</p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/2pf3UXA" target="_blank"><img alt="alt text" src="http://bit.ly/2pf3UXA" /></a></p>
<p>This seems like the best possible circuit, so why is it a bad idea? Remember that electrical current wants to flow from a higher voltage to a lower voltage, and if you put a load into the current, you can do something useful like light up an LED.</p>
<p>If you DO have a load in the current, the current flow through your circuit will be limited to that which your device consumes, which is usually a very small amount. However, if you DON’T put anything in to restrict the current flow, there won’t be anything to slow down the current, and it will try to be infinite!</p>
<p>Your power supply can’t provide infinite current, but it will provide as much as it can, which may be a lot. This could cause your wire to burn up, damage the power supply, drain your battery, or other exciting things. Most of the time your power supply will have some sort of safety mechanism built into it to limit the maximum current in the event of a short circuit, but not always. This is the reason all homes and buildings have <a href="http://bit.ly/2nLeEA2" target="_blank">circuit breakers</a>, to prevent fires from starting in the event of a short circuit somewhere in the wiring.</p>
<p>A closely related problem is accidentally letting too much current flow through part of your circuit, causing a part to burn up. This isn’t quite a short circuit, but it’s close. This most often happens when you use the incorrect <strong>resistor</strong> value, which lets too much current flow through another component such as an LED.</p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/2pcZ8wI" target="_blank"><img alt="alt text" src="http://bit.ly/2pcZ8wI" /></a></p>
<p>The bottom line: <strong>if you notice that things are suddenly becoming hot or a part suddenly burns out, immediately turn off the power and look for possible short circuits.</strong><a id="open" name="open"></a></p>
<h3>Open Circuit</h3>
<p>The opposite of a short circuit is an <strong>open circuit</strong>. This is a circuit where the loop isn’t fully connected (and therefore this isn’t really a circuit at all).</p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/2odOvVV" target="_blank"><img alt="alt text" src="http://bit.ly/2odOvVV" /></a></p>
<p>Unlike the short circuit above, nothing will get hurt by this “circuit”, but your circuit won’t work either. If you’re new at circuits, it can often be hard to find where the break is, especially if you’re using <a href="http://bit.ly/2kamGiX" target="_blank">breadboards</a> where all the conductors are hidden.</p>
<p><strong>If your circuit doesn’t work, the most likely cause is an open circuit.</strong> This is usually due to a broken connection or a loose wire. (Short circuits can steal all the power from the rest of your circuit, so be sure to look for those as well.)</p>
<p><strong>TIP:</strong> if you can’t easily find where your circuit is open, a <strong><a href="http://bit.ly/2odPSnn" target="_blank">multimeter</a></strong> can be very useful tool. If you set it to measure volts, you can use it to check the voltage at various points in your powered circuit, and eventually find the point where voltage isn’t getting through.</p>
</div>
<div class="section tutorial-page">
<h2 id="re">Resources and Going Further</h2>
<p>You’ve just learned, in its most basic form, what a circuit is. As you keep learning, you’ll encounter more complex circuits that have multiple loops and many more electronic components. But ALL circuits, no matter how complex, will follow the same rules as the basic one-loop circuit you just learned about.</p>
<p>Your journey into electronics is just beginning, here are some suggested next topics to explore:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://bit.ly/2kamGiX" target="_blank">Breadboards</a> are useful tools that let you quickly build temporary circuits using jumper wires. We use them all the time. You also may want to master <a href="http://bit.ly/2pcOoON" target="_blank">working with wire</a> to help you build your circuits.</li>
<li>A <a href="http://bit.ly/2odPSnn" target="_blank">multimeter</a> lets you measure voltage, current, and resistance and is a great help when trying to troubleshoot malfunctioning circuits.</li>
<li>Circuits come in all different sizes, shapes, and configurations. Check out the <a href="http://bit.ly/2odRSfA" target="_blank">series vs parallel circuits</a> tutorial to see circuits taken to the next level.</li>
</ul>
<p>Here are some tutorials on the most common components you’ll use when building circuits.</p>
<ul>
<li>A great way to learn about circuits is to start making some. Our <a href="http://bit.ly/1WBzUB8" target="_blank">LED tutorial</a> will show how to light up one or many LEDs.</li>
<li><a href="http://bit.ly/2odGTTm" target="_blank">Resistors</a> are one of the most widely used components in circuits.</li>
<li><a href="http://bit.ly/2pd3ZOi" target="_blank">Capacitors</a> are also found in most circuits. As are <a href="http://bit.ly/2odxMC6" target="_blank">Diodes</a>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
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What is a Circuit?

Overview Welcome to circuits 101! One of the first things you’ll encounter when learning about electronics is the concept of a circuit . T...

What is a Circuit?

Wall's Corners

Link Author

Title: What is a Circuit?
Author: Wall's Corners
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Overview Welcome to circuits 101! One of the first things you’ll encounter when learning about electronics is the concept of a circuit . T...

<div class="section tutorial-page">
<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2>
<p>Welcome to circuits 101! One of the first things you’ll encounter when learning about electronics is the concept of a <strong>circuit</strong>. This tutorial will explain what a circuit is, as well as discuss <strong>voltage</strong> in further detail.</p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/2odK90Q" target="_blank"><img alt="Picture of Circuit" src="http://bit.ly/2pcMYUl" /></a></p>
<p><em>A simple circuit, involving a <a href="http://bit.ly/2odR1ew" target="_blank">button</a>, an <a href="http://bit.ly/1WBzUB8" target="_blank">LED</a>, and a <a href="http://bit.ly/2odGTTm" target="_blank">resistor</a>, built two different ways.</em></p>
<h3>Suggested Reading</h3>
<p>There are a few concepts you should have a good understanding of to help you get the most out of this tutorial.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://bit.ly/2pcRZMP" target="_blank">What is Electricity?</a></li>
<li><a href="http://ift.tt/1kLoSV4" target="_blank">Electric Power</a></li>
<li><a href="http://ift.tt/1eWZTej" target="_blank">Voltage, Current, Resistance, and Ohm’s Law</a></li>
<li><a href="http://ift.tt/1aoF268" target="_blank">Alternating Current (AC) vs Direct Current (DC)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://ift.tt/1boXSoZ" target="_blank">Polarity</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section tutorial-page">
<h2 id="circuit-basics">Circuit Basics</h2>
<h3>Voltage and How it Works</h3>
<p>You’ve probably heard that a battery or a wall outlet has a certain number of <strong>volts</strong>. This is a measurement of the electrical <strong>potential</strong> produced by the battery, or the utility grid connected to the wall outlet.</p>
<p>All those volts are sitting there waiting for you to use them, but there’s a catch: <strong>in order for electricity to do any work, it needs to be able to move</strong>. It’s kind of like a blown-up balloon; if you pinch it off, there is air in there that <em>could</em> do something if it’s released, but it won’t actually do anything until you let it out.</p>
<p>Unlike air coming out of a balloon, electricity can only flow through materials that can conduct electricity, such as copper wire. If you connect a wire to a battery or wall outlet (<strong>WARNING:</strong> the voltage in a wall outlet is dangerous, don’t do this!), you will be giving the electricity a path to follow. But if the wire isn’t connected to anything else, the electricity won’t have anywhere to go and still won’t move.</p>
<p><a href="http://ift.tt/2odDwfe" target="_blank"><img alt="alt text" src="http://ift.tt/2odDwfe" /></a></p>
<p>What makes electricity move? <strong>Electricity wants to flow from a higher voltage to a lower voltage.</strong> This is exactly like the balloon: the pressurized air in the balloon wants to flow from inside the balloon (higher pressure) to outside the balloon (lower pressure). If you create a conductive path between a higher voltage and a lower voltage, electricity will flow along that path. And if you insert something useful into that path like an <a href="http://ift.tt/1Rq2vDU" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="LED"><strong>LED</strong></a>, the flowing electricity will do some work for you, like lighting up that LED. Huzzah!</p>
<p><a href="http://ift.tt/2odXpT9" target="_blank"><img alt="alt text" src="http://ift.tt/2odXpT9" /></a></p>
<p>So, where do you find a higher voltage and a lower voltage? Here’s something really useful to know: <strong>every source of electricity has two sides</strong>. You can see this on batteries, which have metal caps on both ends, or your wall outlet that has two (or more) holes. In batteries and other <a href="http://ift.tt/1UCeOnn" target="_blank">DC (Direct Current)</a> voltage sources, these sides (often called <strong>terminals</strong>) are named <strong>positive</strong> (or “+”), and <strong>negative</strong> (or “-”).</p>
<p>Why does every source of electricity have two sides? This goes back to the idea of “potential”, and that you need a voltage difference in order to get electricity to flow. It sounds silly, but you can’t have a difference without two things to be different. In any power supply, the positive side will have a higher voltage than the negative side, which is exactly what we want. In fact, when we measure voltage, we usually say that the negative side is 0 volts, and the positive side is however many volts the supply can provide.</p>
<p>Electrical sources are like pumps. Pumps always have two sides, an outlet that blows something out, and an inlet that sucks something in. Batteries and generators and solar panels work the same way. Something inside them is hard at work moving electricity towards the outlet (the positive side), but all that electricity leaving the device creates a void, which means that the negative side needs to pull electricity in to replace it.<a href="http://ift.tt/2odOEZm" target="_blank">*</a></p>
<p>What have we learned so far?</p>
<ul>
<li>Voltage is potential, but electricity needs to flow to do anything useful.</li>
<li>Electricity needs a path to flow through, which must be an electrical conductor such as copper wire.</li>
<li>Electricity will flow from a higher voltage to a lower voltage.</li>
<li>DC voltage sources always have two sides, called positive and negative, with the positive side a higher voltage than the negative side.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Simplest Circuit</h3>
<p>We’re finally ready to make electricity work for us! If we connect the positive side of a voltage source, through something that does some work such as a <a href="http://ift.tt/1UNGqoz" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="Light"><strong>Light</strong></a> Emitting Diode (LED), and back to the negative side of the voltage source; electricity, or <strong>current</strong>, will flow. And we can put things in the path that do useful things when current flows through them, like LEDs that <a href="http://ift.tt/1SDfTER" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="Create your own musical light show with Raspberry Pi"><strong>light</strong></a> up.</p>
<p><a href="http://ift.tt/2pd6osj" target="_blank"><img alt="alt text" src="http://ift.tt/2pd6osj" /></a></p>
<p><strong>This circular path, which is always required to get electricity to flow and do something useful, is called a circuit.</strong> A circuit is a path that starts and stops at the same place, which is exactly what we’re doing.</p>
<p><a href="http://ift.tt/2odXqqb" target="_blank">Click this link</a> to see a simulation of current flowing through a simple circuit. This simulation requires Java to run.</p>
<hr />
<p><a id="franklin" name="franklin"></a>*Benjamin Franklin originally wrote that electricity flows from the positive side of a voltage source to the negative side. However, Franklin had no way of knowing that <a href="http://ift.tt/1APzxJo" target="_blank">electrons actually flow in the opposite direction</a> – at the atomic level, they come out of the negative side and loop back to the positive side. Because engineers followed Franklin’s lead for hundreds of years before the truth was discovered, we still use the “wrong” convention to this day. Practically speaking this detail doesn’t matter, and as long as everyone uses the same convention, we can all build circuits that work just fine.</p>
</div>
<div class="section tutorial-page">
<h2 id="short-and-open-circuits">Short and Open Circuits</h2>
<h3>What is a “Load”?</h3>
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<p>The reason we want to build circuits is to make electricity do useful things for us. The way we do that is by putting things in the circuit that use the current flow to <a href="http://ift.tt/2odRQnY" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="Arduino Street Traffic Light - Breadboard Edition"><strong>light</strong></a> up, make noise, run programs, etc.</p>
<p>These things are called <strong>loads</strong>, because they “load down” the power supply, just like you’re “loaded down” when you’re carrying something. The same way you could be loaded down with too much weight, it’s possible to load down a power supply too much, which will slow down the current flow. But unlike you, it’s also possible to load down a circuit too little – this may let too much current flow (imagine running too fast if you weren’t carrying any weight), which can burn out your parts or even the power supply.</p>
<p>You’ll learn all about voltage, current, and loads in the next tutorial: <a href="http://ift.tt/1UCeOnd" target="_blank">Voltage, Current, Resistance, and Ohm’s Law</a>. But for now, let’s learn about two special cases of circuit: <strong>short circuit</strong>, and <strong>open circuit</strong>. Knowing about these will help tremendously when you’re troubleshooting your own circuits.</p>
<h3>Short Circuit<a id="short" name="short"></a></h3>
<p>DON’T DO THIS, but if you connect a wire directly from the positive to the negative side of a power supply, you’ll create what is called a <strong>short circuit</strong>. This is a very bad idea.</p>
<p><a href="http://ift.tt/2odTwOc" target="_blank"><img alt="alt text" src="http://ift.tt/2odTwOc" /></a></p>
<p>This seems like the best possible circuit, so why is it a bad idea? Remember that electrical current wants to flow from a higher voltage to a lower voltage, and if you put a load into the current, you can do something useful like light up an LED.</p>
<p>If you DO have a load in the current, the current flow through your circuit will be limited to that which your device consumes, which is usually a very small amount. However, if you DON’T put anything in to restrict the current flow, there won’t be anything to slow down the current, and it will try to be infinite!</p>
<p>Your power supply can’t provide infinite current, but it will provide as much as it can, which may be a lot. This could cause your wire to burn up, damage the power supply, drain your battery, or other exciting things. Most of the time your power supply will have some sort of safety mechanism built into it to limit the maximum current in the event of a short circuit, but not always. This is the reason all homes and buildings have <a href="http://ift.tt/K44VKi" target="_blank">circuit breakers</a>, to prevent fires from starting in the event of a short circuit somewhere in the wiring.</p>
<p>A closely related problem is accidentally letting too much current flow through part of your circuit, causing a part to burn up. This isn’t quite a short circuit, but it’s close. This most often happens when you use the incorrect <strong>resistor</strong> value, which lets too much current flow through another component such as an LED.</p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/2pcZ8wI" target="_blank"><img alt="alt text" src="http://bit.ly/2pcZ8wI" /></a></p>
<p>The bottom line: <strong>if you notice that things are suddenly becoming hot or a part suddenly burns out, immediately turn off the power and look for possible short circuits.</strong><a id="open" name="open"></a></p>
<h3>Open Circuit</h3>
<p>The opposite of a short circuit is an <strong>open circuit</strong>. This is a circuit where the loop isn’t fully connected (and therefore this isn’t really a circuit at all).</p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/2odOvVV" target="_blank"><img alt="alt text" src="http://bit.ly/2odOvVV" /></a></p>
<p>Unlike the short circuit above, nothing will get hurt by this “circuit”, but your circuit won’t work either. If you’re new at circuits, it can often be hard to find where the break is, especially if you’re using <a href="http://bit.ly/2kamGiX" target="_blank">breadboards</a> where all the conductors are hidden.</p>
<p><strong>If your circuit doesn’t work, the most likely cause is an open circuit.</strong> This is usually due to a broken connection or a loose wire. (Short circuits can steal all the power from the rest of your circuit, so be sure to look for those as well.)</p>
<p><strong>TIP:</strong> if you can’t easily find where your circuit is open, a <strong><a href="http://bit.ly/2odPSnn" target="_blank">multimeter</a></strong> can be very useful tool. If you set it to measure volts, you can use it to check the voltage at various points in your powered circuit, and eventually find the point where voltage isn’t getting through.</p>
</div>
<div class="section tutorial-page">
<h2 id="re">Resources and Going Further</h2>
<p>You’ve just learned, in its most basic form, what a circuit is. As you keep learning, you’ll encounter more complex circuits that have multiple loops and many more electronic components. But ALL circuits, no matter how complex, will follow the same rules as the basic one-loop circuit you just learned about.</p>
<p>Your journey into electronics is just beginning, here are some suggested next topics to explore:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://bit.ly/2kamGiX" target="_blank">Breadboards</a> are useful tools that let you quickly build temporary circuits using jumper wires. We use them all the time. You also may want to master <a href="http://bit.ly/2pcOoON" target="_blank">working with wire</a> to help you build your circuits.</li>
<li>A <a href="http://bit.ly/2odPSnn" target="_blank">multimeter</a> lets you measure voltage, current, and resistance and is a great help when trying to troubleshoot malfunctioning circuits.</li>
<li>Circuits come in all different sizes, shapes, and configurations. Check out the <a href="http://bit.ly/2odRSfA" target="_blank">series vs parallel circuits</a> tutorial to see circuits taken to the next level.</li>
</ul>
<p>Here are some tutorials on the most common components you’ll use when building circuits.</p>
<ul>
<li>A great way to learn about circuits is to start making some. Our <a href="http://bit.ly/1WBzUB8" target="_blank">LED tutorial</a> will show how to light up one or many LEDs.</li>
<li><a href="http://bit.ly/2odGTTm" target="_blank">Resistors</a> are one of the most widely used components in circuits.</li>
<li><a href="http://bit.ly/2pd3ZOi" target="_blank">Capacitors</a> are also found in most circuits. As are <a href="http://bit.ly/2odxMC6" target="_blank">Diodes</a>.</li>
</ul>
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What is a Circuit?

Overview Welcome to circuits 101! One of the first things you’ll encounter when learning about electronics is the concept of a circuit . T...

Nokia 3310 LCD board for Raspberry Pi

Wall's Corners

Link Author

Title: Nokia 3310 LCD board for Raspberry Pi
Author: Wall's Corners
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

I recently ordered a Nokia 3310 LCD shield from Texy . The beauty is it comes pre-assembled with 5 micro switches and the 84×48 LCD so no ...

<p>I recently ordered a Nokia 3310 <a href="http://bit.ly/1XReOxn" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="LCD"><strong>LCD</strong></a> shield from <a href="http://bit.ly/1QwA45D" rel="external" target="_blank">Texy</a>. The beauty is it comes pre-assembled with 5 micro switches and the 84×48 LCD so no soldering required. The price was pretty superb too at £14 + £4 postage. I looked up the list price of just the LCD and it is about £10 hence 8 pounds extra for a fully assembled board delivered to my door is a bargain.</p>
<p>I have some interesting plans a-foot for this little board.</p>
<p>To get it up and running I needed to install WiringPi from <a href="http://bit.ly/1UbPO4P" rel="external" target="_blank">Gordons Projects</a> to work with Texy’s <a href="http://bit.ly/1QwA2e3" rel="external" target="_blank">sample code</a>. Be sure to install WiringPi for Python though else you’ll sit there confused like I did wondering what went wrong <img alt="😉" class="wp-smiley" src="http://bit.ly/1XRgdUu" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /></p>
<p><img alt="Texy_Nokia3310LCD" class="imageStyle scale-with-grid" height="527" src="http://bit.ly/1VNqVy2" width="640" /></p>
<p>Something that is most interesting with the 3310 LCD is that it has no internal font set. Consequently you have to define all characters in hex up-front. Luckily (and VERY thoughtfully) Texy provides sample Python code to introduce the functionality of the board which includes a default fairly small font. Calling:</p>
<p>text(‘Hello world’)</p>
<p>will display the text string on-screen. One of the first things I did was to port a pretty good large font to Python from C, the latter courtesy of <a href="http://bit.ly/1XRgdUv" rel="external" target="_blank">Petras Sadulkis</a>. The large font takes up three rows per character meaning I had to get it to loop through each row of the array which takes me into my favourite world of multi-dimensional arrays <img alt=":)" class="wp-smiley" src="http://bit.ly/1VNqWSO" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> (ask me sometime why I love multidimensional arrays so much…) You can see the board outputting the current time (HH-MM, SS.ms) using this larger font.</p>
<p>Here’s some code to get large text working for you for numbers and a few characters (add this into Texy’s sample code), and I apologise in advance for the gratuitous hex:</p>
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<p>def display_largechar(char, character_position, display_on_row, font=LARGEFONT):<br />
try:<br />
gotorc(0 + display_on_row, character_position)<br />
for value in font[char][0]:<br />
lcd_data(value)<br />
gotorc(1 + display_on_row, character_position)<br />
for value in font[char][1]:<br />
lcd_data(value)<br />
gotorc(2 + display_on_row, character_position)<br />
for value in font[char][2]:<br />
lcd_data(value)<br />
lcd_data(0) # Space inbetween characters.<br />
except KeyError:<br />
pass # Ignore undefined characters.</p>
<p>def largetext(string, display_on_row, font=LARGEFONT):<br />
character_position = 0<br />
for char in string:<br />
display_largechar(char, character_position, display_on_row, font)<br />
character_position += 2</p>
<p># Based on http://bit.ly/1XRgeYG<br />
LARGEFONT = {<br />
‘0’: [<br />
[0x00,0x00,0xc0,0xe0,0x70,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x70,0xe0,0xc0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
[0x00,0xff,0xff,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xff,0xff,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
[0x00,0x07,0x1f,0x38,0x70,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x70,0x38,0x1f,0x07,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
],<br />
‘1’: [<br />
[0x00,0x00,0x00,0xc0,0xc0,0xc0,0xf0,0xf0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
[0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xff,0xff,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
[0x00,0x00,0x00,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x7f,0x7f,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00]<br />
],<br />
‘2’: [<br />
[0x00,0xe0,0x60,0x70,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x60,0xe0,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
[0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x80,0xc0,0xf0,0x3f,0x1f,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
[0x00,0x70,0x78,0x7c,0x6e,0x67,0x63,0x61,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
],<br />
‘3’: [<br />
[0x00,0xe0,0x60,0x70,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x60,0xe0,0xc0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
[0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x3c,0x7c,0xe7,0xc3,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
[0x00,0x38,0x30,0x70,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x70,0x38,0x1f,0x0f,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
],<br />
‘4’: [<br />
[0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x80,0xc0,0x60,0xf0,0xf0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
[0x00,0xe0,0xf0,0xdc,0xce,0xc7,0xc1,0xc0,0xc0,0xff,0xff,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
[0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x7f,0x7f,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
],<br />
‘5’: [<br />
[0x00,0x00,0xf0,0xf0,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
[0x00,0x00,0x1f,0x1f,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x30,0xf0,0xc0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
[0x00,0x30,0x70,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x70,0x38,0x1f,0x0f,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
],<br />
‘6’: [<br />
[0x00,0x00,0x80,0xc0,0xe0,0x60,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
[0x00,0xfc,0xff,0x33,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x18,0x30,0xf0,0xc0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
[0x00,0x07,0x1f,0x38,0x70,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x30,0x1f,0x0f,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
],<br />
‘7’: [<br />
[0x00,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0xb0,0xf0,0xf0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
[0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xc0,0xf0,0x78,0x1e,0x07,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
[0x00,0x60,0x78,0x3e,0x0f,0x03,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
],<br />
‘8’: [<br />
[0x00,0x80,0xe0,0x60,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x60,0xe0,0xc0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
[0x00,0x87,0xe7,0x6c,0x18,0x18,0x30,0x30,0x38,0x6c,0xc7,0x83,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
[0x00,0x0f,0x3f,0x38,0x70,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x30,0x1f,0x0f,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
],<br />
‘9’: [<br />
[0x00,0x80,0xc0,0x60,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x30,0x70,0xe0,0xc0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
[0x00,0x0f,0x3f,0x30,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x30,0xff,0xff,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
[0x00,0x00,0x00,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x70,0x38,0x1e,0x0f,0x03,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00],<br />
],<br />
‘:’: [<br />
[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],<br />
[0,00,56,56,56,56,56,56,56,56,56,0,0,0,0,0],<br />
[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]<br />
],<br />
‘+’: [<br />
[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],<br />
[0,0,64,64,64,64,64,254,254,64,64,64,64,64,0,0],<br />
[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,15,15,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]<br />
],<br />
‘-‘: [<br />
[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],<br />
[0,64,64,64,64,64,64,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],<br />
[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]<br />
],<br />
}</p>
<p>from datetime import datetime</p>
<p># clear the screen then display the time HH:MM on one row and SS:ms on another<br />
cls()<br />
now = datetime.now()<br />
largetext(now.strftime(“%H:%M”),0)<br />
largetext(now.strftime(“%S.%f”)[:5],3)</p>
<p>With the large font in place and the time display working I can move on to adding a stop watch, along with some configuration menus for brightness, contrast and a few other parameters. Once this is done the fun begins as I’ll be using it to remotely control my two Nikon cameras using the time and stop watch functionality to control when the Pi triggers the cameras to take a photo.</p>
<p>This is a great board to experiment with. It brings out the hex in all of us;) Luckily there are tools online to help out with generating hex images in case you need them:</p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/1VNqWSP" rel="external" target="_blank">http://bit.ly/1VNqWSP</a> (online character generator – this is pretty nifty)<br />
<a href="http://bit.ly/1XRgeYI" rel="external" target="_blank">http://bit.ly/1XRgeYI</a> (LCD Assistant: windows tool for converting monochromatic bitmaps to hex data arrays)</p>
<p>As you can probably tell I’m very pleased with this shield. If I was being picky I would say, as Texy notes, it “almost” fits within the credit-card form factor of the Pi, with the red board under the LCD just poking out a little. I’m hoping this can be sorted as it means the board won’t fit inside tight-fitting cases designed for the Pi. But apart from that, this shield gets a thumbs up from me.</p>
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Nokia 3310 LCD board for Raspberry Pi

I recently ordered a Nokia 3310 LCD shield from Texy . The beauty is it comes pre-assembled with 5 micro switches and the 84×48 LCD so no ...

Nokia 3310 LCD board for Raspberry Pi

Wall's Corners

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Title: Nokia 3310 LCD board for Raspberry Pi
Author: Wall's Corners
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

I recently ordered a Nokia 3310 LCD shield from Texy . The beauty is it comes pre-assembled with 5 micro switches and the 84×48 LCD so no ...

Nokia 3310 LCD board for Raspberry Pi

I recently ordered a Nokia 3310 LCD shield from Texy . The beauty is it comes pre-assembled with 5 micro switches and the 84×48 LCD so no ...

Rover © MIT Simple to get started yet infinitely expandable.

Wall's Corners

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Title: Rover © MIT Simple to get started yet infinitely expandable.
Author: Wall's Corners
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Rover © MIT Simple to get started yet infinitely expandable.

Rover © MIT Simple to get started yet infinitely expandable.

Wall's Corners

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Title: Rover © MIT Simple to get started yet infinitely expandable.
Author: Wall's Corners
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Rover © MIT Simple to get started yet infinitely expandable.

Having fun with the Raspberry Pi B+ and Pi MusicBox

Wall's Corners

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Title: Having fun with the Raspberry Pi B+ and Pi MusicBox
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Having fun with the Raspberry Pi B+ and Pi MusicBox

Having fun with the Raspberry Pi B+ and Pi MusicBox

Wall's Corners

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Title: Having fun with the Raspberry Pi B+ and Pi MusicBox
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Having fun with the Raspberry Pi B+ and Pi MusicBox

Create your own musical light show with Raspberry Pi

Wall's Corners

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Title: Create your own musical light show with Raspberry Pi
Author: Wall's Corners
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Last Thanksgiving, I took some time off from work and was looking for a fun project to work on during my downtime. I decided to check out ...

<p>Last Thanksgiving, I took some time off from work and was looking for a fun project to work on during my downtime. I decided to <a href="http://ift.tt/1FvJU2U" target="_blank">check out</a> Raspberry Pi. After a quick search on Amazon, I ordered the <a href="http://ift.tt/1xi6VZn" target="_blank">CanaKit Raspberry Pi B+ Ultimate Starter Kit</a>.</p>
<div class="media media-element-container media-default"><img alt="" class="media-element file-default" height="520" src="http://ift.tt/1UNGsgi" title="" width="520" />
<div class="field field-name-field-file-image-caption field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"></div>
</div>
<p>The kit arrived the Friday before Thanksgiving, and I wasted no time getting to work. I didn’t need another computer running Linux at home, so my interest in the Raspberry Pi focused on what its hardware could offer that my laptops couldn’t.</p>
<p>When I unboxed the kit and saw all the LEDs and wires that came with it, the first thing that came to mind was <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4PaB4TenH4" target="_blank">Osborne Family Spectacle of Dancing Lights</a> at Disney’s Hollywood Studios. I had no idea if I’d be able to get the Pi to light up any of those LEDs, but if I could just understand how to make software interact with hardware at this level, my investment would be worth it.</p>
<p>First, being completely biased to anything Fedora or Red Hat-based, I decided to use <a href="http://ift.tt/1lt8AEs" target="_blank">NOOBS</a> to install <a href="http://pidora.ca/" target="_blank">Pidora</a>. But as cool as the Fedora spinoff was, I quickly realized it wasn’t the Linux distribution I needed to make my Christmas light show.</p>
<p>I went with the Raspberry Pi’s recommendation and installed <a href="http://ift.tt/LuPBCJ" target="_blank">Raspbian</a>. It quickly proved itself to be the better distribution for the job for a few reasons:</p>
<ol>
<li><a href="http://ift.tt/Y8dZj8" target="_blank">raspi_config</a> allowed me to do quite a bit of configuration changes to the Raspberry Pi right off the bat.</li>
<li>Raspbian’s out-of-the-box needed about 50 percent less memory than Pidora, which is HUGE for a little piece of hardware that has 512 MB!</li>
<li>It came with <a href="http://ift.tt/I7KnSJ" target="_blank">Mathematica</a>, <a href="http://ift.tt/1ywq4og" target="_blank">Scratch</a>, <a href="http://sonic-pi.net/" target="_blank">Sonic Pi</a>, and the <a href="http://ift.tt/1LK8jLD" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="Python"><strong>Python</strong></a> libraries I needed to do some coding with the GPIO pins.</li>
<li>The Raspberry Pi <a href="http://ift.tt/1UNGsgm" target="_blank">book</a> (and foundation) recommend <a href="http://ift.tt/1LIxY7j" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="Raspbian"><strong>Raspbian</strong></a>, so I had two places to look for guidance and examples.</li>
</ol>
<div class="media media-element-container media-default"><img alt="" class="media-element file-default" height="347" src="http://ift.tt/1UNGrc3" title="" width="520" />
<div class="field field-name-field-file-image-caption field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"></div>
</div>
<p>By Friday night, I had the Pi connected to my TV and Wi-Fi. With Raspbian installed, I ran an: <span class="geshifilter"><code class="text geshifilter-text">apt-get update &amp;&amp; apt-get upgrade</code></span> to update the OS and was ready to dive in to all the extras that came with the kit.</p>
<p>I had learned a little about electricity in high school and college, but never really had a chance to apply that knowledge anywhere else. Terms like “breadboard,” “jumper wires,” “resistors,” “current,” and “voltage” weren’t foreign to me, but I had very little hands-on experience with them. So, what did I do? Googled them!</p>
<p>First, I used <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k9jcHB9tWko" target="_blank">this video</a> to learn about the breadboard, LEDs, and resistors. I then applied that concept to the CanaKit. Here’s a video with a quick video I made of how I put it all together:</p>
<p><iframe width="678" height="381" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DzzdyzDdMKU?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></p>
<p>Now that I had the lights working, the next step was making the LEDs “listen to music” and blink accordingly?</p>
<p>With another Google search and I found an awesome open source project called: <a href="http://ift.tt/1eoLV64" target="_blank">LightshowPi</a>. I quickly realized that the idea of an Osborne Family Spectacle of Dancing Lights of my own wasn’t such a silly idea after all. After joining the LightshowPi <a href="http://ift.tt/1bBbhRy" target="_blank">Google+ Community</a>, I read up on a few tips and tricks for setting up my very own light show.</p>
<div class="media media-element-container media-default"><img alt="" class="media-element file-default" height="293" src="http://ift.tt/1Rq2u2T" title="" width="520" />
<div class="field field-name-field-file-image-caption field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"></div>
</div>
<p>I went ahead and ordered the next part of the puzzle: a <a href="http://ift.tt/1uZqT4a" target="_blank">Sainsmart eight-channel 5V solid state relay (SSR) module board</a>. It took a couple of weeks to arrive at my doorstep, but when it did I went to the store right away to buy the rest of the materials I needed for my light show.</p>
<p><iframe width="678" height="381" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wZ-lfn3oZiU?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></p>
<p>Once I tested the connection with the board, it was time for me hook up the Christmas lights I was going to put on my Christmas tree. The final result was simply one of the most satisfyingly geeky things I have ever done. For most of December, I left my Raspberry Pi connected to my Christmas tree. With a simple SSH client on my phone, I could easily start/stop the show any time I wanted.</p>
<p>Here’s the final result:</p>
<p><iframe width="678" height="381" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/u2wVxuOD8ww?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></p>
<p>Below is a comprehensive set of steps you can take to make your own:</p>
<ol>
<li>Watch the breadboard <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k9jcHB9tWko" target="_blank">tutorial</a>.</li>
<li>Watch my canakit <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzzdyzDdMKU" target="_blank">tutorial</a>.</li>
<li>Once you are comfortable with that, look at the <a href="http://ift.tt/1eoLV64" target="_blank">LightshowPi</a> project. Learn how to use it. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzF9u41EgCU" target="_blank">Here’s an example</a> of the LEDs being controlled by LightshowPi.</li>
<li>Join LightshowPi’s <a href="http://ift.tt/1bBbhRy" target="_blank">Google+ community</a>, read up the projects and photos there.</li>
<li>Once you’ve done all that and understand what’s going, order the <a href="http://ift.tt/1uZqT4a" target="_blank">Sainsmart eight-channel 5V solid state relay module board</a>. (mine took two weeks to arrive)</li>
<li>Watch <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2B67hybdAA" target="_blank">this video</a> on how to connect your Raspberry Pi to the SSR board.</li>
<li>Purchase six polarized extension cords at Target: five for the light string and one for the power source. I only used five of the eight channels on the SSR board.</li>
<li>Following this <a href="http://ift.tt/1Rq2u2V" target="_blank">step-by-step guide</a>, cut the wires and daisy chain the power source into the relay, and that’s it!</li>
</ol>
<p>Note: Make sure you have something to cut the wires with, a small screwdriver to tighten the SSR board slots, electrical tape, and a jackknife.</p>
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Create your own musical light show with Raspberry Pi

Last Thanksgiving, I took some time off from work and was looking for a fun project to work on during my downtime. I decided to check out ...

Create your own musical light show with Raspberry Pi

Wall's Corners

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Last Thanksgiving, I took some time off from work and was looking for a fun project to work on during my downtime. I decided to check out ...

Create your own musical light show with Raspberry Pi

Last Thanksgiving, I took some time off from work and was looking for a fun project to work on during my downtime. I decided to check out ...

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