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Raspberry Pi GPIO Inputs in Python

Wall's Corners

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Title: Raspberry Pi GPIO Inputs in Python
Author: Wall's Corners
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

1 Overview I left off having hopefully shown just how easy it is to get turn on an LED on the Raspberry Pi. First up I’m going to show a ...

<h2>1 Overview</h2>
<p>I left off having hopefully shown just how easy it is to get turn on an <a href="http://bit.ly/1WT6RcH" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="LED"><strong>LED</strong></a> on the <a href="http://bit.ly/26nCm2K" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="Raspberry"><strong>Raspberry</strong></a> Pi. First up I’m going to show a quick Blinky example, for now I’m going to stick with just using <a href="http://bit.ly/1WT6RcI" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="Raspberry Pi GPIO Pins and Python"><strong>python</strong></a> in interactive mode form the terminal, but we may get into script files after I show the basic’s of inputs.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><a name="2"></a>2 Blink on the Pi</h2>
<p>Straight in with the the code then:</p>
<pre class="brush:bash">
$ sudo python
>>> from time import sleep
>>> import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
>>> GPIO.setup(18, GPIO.OUT)
>>> while 1:
...     GPIO.output(18, False)
...     sleep(1)
...     GPIO.output(18, True)
...     sleep(1)
...
</pre>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/1qUAuO3" target="_blank"><img alt="" height="474" src="http://bit.ly/1qUAuO3" title="GPIO Code 3" width="672" /></a></p>
<p>So a little more to that than before, notice the prompt changed after the</p>
<pre class="brush:bash">
while 1:
</pre>
<p>to</p>
<pre class="brush:bash">
...
</pre>
<p>After this we need to indent the code with a tab for it to be considered part of the loop. Hit enter twice after the</p>
<pre class="brush:bash">
sleep(1)
</pre>
<p>and we now have a blinking red <a href="http://bit.ly/1UhB2tm" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="LED"><strong>LED</strong></a> <img alt=":)" class="wp-smiley" src="http://bit.ly/1VNqWSO" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /></p>
<p>Now to stop the loop and get back to the <a href="http://bit.ly/1UhAZOh" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="How to Build a Basic Web Crawler in Python"><strong>python</strong></a> prompt use Ctrl-C and to get out of python and back to the bash prompt you can use Ctrl-D. Below you can see I just used Ctrl-C to get back to the python prompt<br />
<a href="http://bit.ly/21fu8FY" target="_blank"><img alt="" height="474" src="http://bit.ly/21fu8FY" title="GPIO Code 4" width="672" /></a></p>
<p> </p>
<h2><a name="3"></a>3 Inputs</h2>
<p>Time to play with the push buttons, here the code again, if you are at the python prompt from above then just ignore the first two lines:</p>
<pre class="brush:bash">
 $ sudo python
>>> import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
>>> GPIO.setup(11, GPIO.IN)
>>> GPIO.input(11)
</pre>
<p> </p>
<p>Now we should get back a</p>
<pre class="brush:bash">
False
</pre>
<p>as below<br />
<a href="http://bit.ly/1WT6TBh" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-382" height="474" src="http://bit.ly/1WT6TBh" title="GPIO Code 5" width="672" /></a></p>
<p>Try holding down the button and doing that last line again</p>
<pre class="brush:bash">
>>> GPIO.input(11)
</pre>
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<p> </p>
<p>This time you should get back</p>
<pre class="brush:bash">
True
</pre>
<p>Now lets see if we can’t combine inputs and outputs</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><a name="4"></a>4 Combining Inputs and Outputs</h2>
<p>Ill give the full code example again:</p>
<pre class="brush:bash">
$ sudo pyton
>>> import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
>>> GPIO.setup(18, GPIO.OUT)
>>> GPIO.setup(11, GPIO.IN)
>>> while 1:
...     if GPIO.input(11):
...         GPIO.output(18, False)
...     else:
...         GPIO.output(18, True)
...
</pre>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/1qUAvS9" target="_blank"><img alt="" height="474" src="http://bit.ly/21fuah7" title="GPIO Code 6" width="672" /></a><br />
Now have a simple push button turning on an LED</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><a name="5"></a>5 Something a little more complex</h2>
<p>So it’s time to move onto something a little more complex and for this I’m going to start using a IDE called Geany, its already available on the Pi’s and has been used in some great youtube videos by Liam, check out his channel <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/RaspberryPiTutorials" target="_blank">RaspberryPiTutorials</a></p>
<p>There are however a few limits to using geany, first we need to install xterm (at least on the debian image)</p>
<pre class="brush:bash">
$ sudo apt-get install xterm
</pre>
<p> </p>
<p>The second is a little more tricky, using RPi.GPIO needs root permission, hence we have been using sudo python up till now, luckily we can ask geany todo the same. Open geany form the <a href="http://bit.ly/1UhB04w" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="Programming"><strong>Programming</strong></a> menu, once it loads, we want a new file from the main.py template, try the little down arrow at the side of the ‘New’ button.<br />
This should give us an untitled.py file pre filled with a load of text, we will go back to that in a bit. Next click on the ‘Build’ menu and then ‘Set Build Commands’. In the ‘Execute’ box near the bottom add the word “sudo” in front of the ‘python “%f” and hit ‘OK’</p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/21fu8G2" target="_blank"><img alt="" height="489" src="http://bit.ly/21fu8G2" title="Geany_1" width="590" /></a></p>
<p>Now back to that file in the editor, lets delete everything but the first line #!/usr/bin/env python and type in some code, lets try out our button to led example from above:</p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/1UhB04z" target="_blank"><img alt="" height="208" src="http://bit.ly/21fuahb" title="Geany_2" width="300" /></a></p>
<p>Now hit the ‘Execute’ button (3 little gears) and a black window pops up in which the python script will run and we have our push button LED again. But I wired up 4 LED’s and two Buttons so lets get them all working together:</p>
<pre class="brush:bash">
#!/usr/bin/env python
from time import sleep
# get the GPIO Library
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
 
# setup some names references to the LED's and buttons
# red     = pin 18
# yellow  = pin 16
# green   = pin 15
# blue    = pin 13
 
# using an list to hold the led numbers
leds = [13, 15, 16, 18]
# the input buttons
up = 12
down = 11
 
# setup the pins as output and input as needed
# looping over the list 
for n in leds:
    GPIO.setup(n, GPIO.OUT)
 
GPIO.setup(up, GPIO.IN)
GPIO.setup(down, GPIO.IN)
# turn off all but the blue LED
GPIO.output(leds[3], True)
GPIO.output(leds[2], True)
GPIO.output(leds[1], True)
GPIO.output(leds[0], False)
 
#state trackers
level = 0
oldlevel = level
 
while 1:
    if GPIO.input(up):
        #up button pressed
        if level < 3:
            level += 1
    elif GPIO.input(down):
        #down button pressed
        if level > 0:
            level -= 1
    if oldlevel != level:
        # turn off last led and turn on next one
        GPIO.output(leds[oldlevel], True)
        GPIO.output(leds[level], False)
        # update state tracker
        oldlevel = level
        # sleep for a bit so button press is counted only once
        sleep(1)
</pre>
<p> </p>
<p>Try it out, file is <a href="http://bit.ly/1WT6TBm" target="_blank">here</a>, if all goes well the blue LED will light up and clicking the up button will change it to the green, and so on.</p>
<p>Another long post but should give an idea of how easy it can be to use the GPIO’s on the Raspberry Pi with a little Python.<br />
Next I’ll be looking at either the little Charlieplex LED display I built on another slice or it will be about using the XRF and URF radio modules with pyserial. Here’s some pics <img alt="😉" class="wp-smiley" src="http://bit.ly/1XRgdUu" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /><br />
<a href="http://bit.ly/1UhB2JJ" target="_blank"><img alt="" height="225" src="http://bit.ly/21fuahd" title="Charlieplex" width="300" /></a><br />
<a href="http://bit.ly/1WT6TBp" target="_blank"><img alt="" height="225" src="http://bit.ly/21fu8G4" title="XRF_URF" width="300" /></a></p>
<p> </p>
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Raspberry Pi GPIO Inputs in Python

1 Overview I left off having hopefully shown just how easy it is to get turn on an LED on the Raspberry Pi. First up I’m going to show a ...

Getting Started with Raspberry Pi GPIO and Python

Wall's Corners

Link Author

Title: Getting Started with Raspberry Pi GPIO and Python
Author: Wall's Corners
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

1 Overview This is the first of two articles showing basic GPIO on the Raspberry-Pi using the prototype area of the Slice of Pi. This c...

<h2>1 Overview</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>This is the first of two articles showing basic <a href="http://bit.ly/26nCnnf" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="GPIO"><strong>GPIO</strong></a> on the Raspberry-Pi using the prototype area of the Slice of Pi. This covers basic details on the GPIO pins, setting up a <a href="http://bit.ly/1pxf1tx" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="Python"><strong>Python</strong></a> library to allow access to the GPIO. There is an example circuit to build on the Slice and some code to get the outputs working.<br />
This was originally a blog post on Matts blog at <a href="http://bit.ly/1WT6QW6" target="_blank">lwk.mjhosting.co.uk</a></p>
<p> </p>
<h2><a name="2"></a>2 GPIO Basic’s</h2>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/1qUAs90" target="_blank"><img alt="" height="225" src="http://bit.ly/1WT6T4m" title="R-Pi" width="300" /></a><br />
The R-Pi has 17 GPIO pins brought out onto the header, most have alternated functions other than just I/O, there are two pins for UART, two for <a href="http://bit.ly/1qUAs94" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="I2C"><strong>I2C</strong></a> and six for SPI. All the pins can be use for GPIO with either INPUT or OUTPUT, there also internal pull-up & pull-downs for each pin but the I2C pins have and onboard pull-up so using them for GPIO may not work in some cases.</p>
<p>Using any of the pins will require extra care, than most <a href="http://bit.ly/26nCm2w" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="Arduino"><strong>Arduino</strong></a> users maybe be used to. These pins are 3V3 not 5V like the AVR chips, and they a directly connected to the Broadcom chip at the heart of the R-Pi. This means there is not protection, if you send 5V down a pin there is a good chance of killing the Pi.</p>
<p>There will also be an issue with trying to draw to much power form the pins, according to the data-sheet each pin programmed to current drive between 2mA and 16mA, and it has been warned that trying to draw 16mA from several pins at once could also lead to a damaged Pi.</p>
<p>Also from the <a href="http://bit.ly/1qUAu0F" target="_blank" title="R-Pi Wiki">wiki</a> the “maximum permitted current draw from the 3v3 pin is 50mA” and the “maximum permitted current draw from the 5v pin is the USB input current (usually 1A) minus any current draw from the rest of the board.” The current draw for Model B is stated as 700mA so with a 1A power supply this leaves about 300mA to play with.</p>
<p>Anyway enough about power theres still plenty to try driving some basis LED’s and use the UART to talk to an XRF.</p>
<p>So how does one go about talking to the GPIO’s? Well thanks to a little <a href="http://bit.ly/1WT6QWb" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="Controlling DC Motors Using Python With a Raspberry Pi"><strong>python</strong></a> library its nice and simple. I’ll be using a Debian install but this should work on the others.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><a name="3"></a>3 Installing RPi.GPIO</h2>
<p><em>NOTE 1: The instructions here refer to an early version of RPi.GPIO. Please search the web for the latest version and replace the version numbers in the instructions below.</em></p>
<p><em>NOTE 2: If you have purchased Ciseco’s <a href="http://bit.ly/1qUAs99" target="_blank">4G Raspberry Wheezy SD card, configured for Ciseco products</a></em><em>, or used the Ciseco Wheezy image to create an SD card yourself, then the RPi.GPIO should already be installed and you can skip this step. </em></p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/1WT6TkB" target="_blank" title="RPi.GPIO">RPi.GPIO</a> is a small python library that take some of the complexity out of driving the GPIO pins, once install a single LED can be lit with 3 lines of python. Installing the library is almost as simple, either at a text console or using LXTerminal enter the following</p>
<p> </p>
<pre>
$ wget http://bit.ly/1qUAspo
    $ tar zxf RPi.GPIO-0.1.0.tar.gz
    $ cd RPi.GPIO-0.1.0
    $ sudo python setup.py install
</pre>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/1WT6TkC" target="_blank"><img alt="" height="474" src="http://bit.ly/1WT6TkC" title="RPi.GPIO setup" width="672" /></a></p>
<p>It should look something like the above just before you hit enter on the last command. That’s it we now have RPi.GPIO python library installed.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<h2><a name="4"></a>4 LED and Pushbutton Slice</h2>
<p>So now I need and LED or two to Flash. So using a <a href="http://bit.ly/1qUAuh1" target="_blank" title="Slice of Pi">Slice of Pi</a> from <a href="http://bit.ly/1WT6TkE" target="_blank" title="Ciseco PLC">Ciseco</a> I have wired up four LED’s with resistors and two Push button’s.</p>
<p>First to be soldered up were the LED’s and push buttons then I adde the resistors and connecting wires.</p>
<p>To keep the GPIO pins nice and safe I’m using 470R resistors for the RED,YELLOW and GREEN LED’s and a 330R for the BLUE, this will keep the current of each led to around 6-7mA. Here’s the schematic and the board</p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/1qUAspt" target="_blank"><img alt="" height="225" src="http://bit.ly/1WT6QWc" title="Slice Schematic 1" width="300" /></a> <a href="http://bit.ly/1qUAuh6" target="_blank"><img alt="" height="300" src="http://bit.ly/1WT6QWe" title="IMG_7468" width="225" /></a></p>
<p>If you look at the LED’s I’m using the 3.3v rail to power the led and have the cathode going to the GPIO’s this mean that to turn the LED on we set the output to LOW or False (in python’s case) but to turn the off we set the output to HIGH or True.<br />
This means we a sinking the current through the Raspberry Pi rather that trying to source it from the pin’s. For the push button we are using a 10K pull-down resistor, this makes sure the button read a solid LOW or False when not pressed, when pressed the 3.3v is connected and we get a solid HIGH or True reading.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><a name="5"></a>5 Some Code</h2>
<p>I said turning LED’s on was easy well try this in a terminal:</p>
<pre>
$ sudo python
    >>> import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
    >>> GPIO.setup(18, GPIO.OUT)
    >>> GPIO.output(18, False)
</pre>
<p> </p>
<p>Again it should look a little some thing like this</p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/1qUAuhb" target="_blank"><img alt="" height="474" src="http://bit.ly/1qUAuhb" title="GPIO Test code" width="672" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/1WT6Rcs" target="_blank"><img alt="" height="225" src="http://bit.ly/1qUAspv" title="Red LED" width="300" /></a></p>
<p>Anyone trying this themselves may notice that the RED LED actual turned on after the GPIO.setup line and that GPIO.output did nothing. This is because we have the cathode of the LED’s wired to the GPIO, and are using the Raspberry Pi to switch the GND. The default state for a output pin is LOW and so this also power to flow throughout the LED.  So how about turning that yellow LED on:-</p>
<pre>
>>> GPIO.setup(16, GPIO.OUT)
</pre>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/1WT6Rcw" target="_blank"><img alt="" height="474" src="http://bit.ly/1WT6Rcw" title="GPIO Code 2" width="672" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/1qUAspB" target="_blank"><img alt="" height="225" src="http://bit.ly/1WT6Rcy" title="Yellow LED" width="300" /></a></p>
<p>Simple, now to turn both LED’s off we set the inputs HIGH or True like so:</p>
<pre>
>>> GPIO.output(18, True)
    >>> GPIO.output(16, True)
</pre>
<p> </p>
<p>Now why if we wired the red LED to GPIO5 on the Slice of Pi, why am I using 18 to control it? Well theres a bit of fun with the pin numbering on Raspberry Pi, and some how i don’t expect it to go anyway and time soon, it like that odd gap on the <a href="http://bit.ly/1XReOgM" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="Arduino"><strong>Arduino</strong></a> headers. It comes from this post originally <a href="http://bit.ly/1WT6RcA" target="_blank">Pinout for GPIO connectors</a>, better shown in the left pic bellow, anyway it turns out the original numbering of GPIO0-GPOI7 relates to nothing logical once inside linux, as they pins are accessed via there BCM2835(the chip on the Pi) GPIO numbers. See the right pic for the internal numbering, also all the signal named pins can be used as GPIO’s and have numbers as well.</p>
<p>Anyway RPi.GPIO python library has used yet another form of reference which is to us the pin number on the header, This give three names for each pin <img alt=":(" class="wp-smiley" src="http://bit.ly/1qUAuxA" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> When referred to by pin number (officially P1_18) we are talking about pin 18 as counted out on the header, GPIO5 by name and GPIO24 internally by the BCM2835. Now if you ever work with the IO using the Shell file access or C memory mapped registers your going to use the BCM2835 numbering.<br />
Confused yet, I was till did a little table to help. There more on this on the Raspberry Pi wiki page <a href="http://bit.ly/1qUAu0F" target="_blank">Low Level Peripherals</a></p>
<p>For now I will leave you with the diagrams and table bellow, and just know you need to use the RPi.GPIO numbers in python.<br />
This is all ready getting far to long so ill cover the inputs and making something interactive in another post.</p>
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/1WT6TkI" target="_blank"><img alt="" height="586" src="http://bit.ly/1WT6TkI" title="GPIOs" width="254" /></a><a href="http://bit.ly/1qUAsFW" target="_blank"><img alt="" height="586" src="http://bit.ly/1qUAsFW" title="GPIOs-c-n" width="254" /></a></p>
<table border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Pin Numbers</th>
<th>RPi.GPIO</th>
<th>Raspberry Pi Name</th>
<th>BCM2835</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_01</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3V3</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_02</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>5V0</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_03</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>SDA0</td>
<td>GPIO0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_04</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>DNC</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_05</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>SCL0</td>
<td>GPIO1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_06</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>GND</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_07</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>GPIO7</td>
<td>GPIO4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_08</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>TXD</td>
<td>GPIO14</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_09</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>DNC</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_10</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>RXD</td>
<td>GPIO15</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_11</td>
<td>11</td>
<td>GPIO0</td>
<td>GPIO17</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_12</td>
<td>12</td>
<td>GPIO1</td>
<td>GPIO18</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_13</td>
<td>13</td>
<td>GPIO2</td>
<td>GPIO21</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_14</td>
<td>14</td>
<td>DNC</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_15</td>
<td>15</td>
<td>GPIO3</td>
<td>GPIO22</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_16</td>
<td>16</td>
<td>GPIO4</td>
<td>GPIO23</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_17</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>DNC</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_18</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>GPIO5</td>
<td>GPIO24</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_19</td>
<td>19</td>
<td>SPI_MOSI</td>
<td>GPIO10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_20</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>DNC</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_21</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>SPI_MISO</td>
<td>GPIO9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_22</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>GPIO6</td>
<td>GPIO25</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_23</td>
<td>23</td>
<td>SPI_SCLK</td>
<td>GPIO11</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_24</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>SPI_CE0_N</td>
<td>GPIO8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_25</td>
<td>25</td>
<td>DNC</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P1_26</td>
<td>26</td>
<td>SPI_CE1_N</td>
<td>GPIO7</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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Getting Started with Raspberry Pi GPIO and Python

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Getting Started with Raspberry Pi GPIO and Python

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