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Software for RaspBerry Pi

Wall's Corners

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Title: Software for RaspBerry Pi
Author: Wall's Corners
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

We can write the program to control the simulator in a variety of languages. Using the gpio program we can do it in a simple shell script (...

<p>We can write the program to control the simulator in a variety of languages. Using the <em><strong>gpio</strong></em>program we can do it in a simple shell script (or even call it from languages such as php, perl, etc.) and using the <em><strong>wiringPi</strong></em> library then we can call it from C or C++.</p>
<p>As a bit of an exercise, I have written 2 versions – one using the standard BASH and the other in C. You can get the source code here:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://bit.ly/25WUD9g" target="_blank" title="GPIO Example Software">TuxX Source Code</a></li>
<li><a href="http://bit.ly/1U7PiBc" target="_blank" title="Tuxx Softwart in GIT">GIT Repository</a></li>
</ul>
<p>The bash code (tuxx.sh) will run directly, but to make the C program run, we first need to compile it, then run it as root via the sudo command.</p>
<p>Setup:</p>
<pre>
mkdir ~/tuxx
cd ~/tuxx
</pre>
<p>To get and run the Bash version:</p>
<pre>
wget http://bit.ly/25WTGxH
chmod +x tuxx.sh
./tuxx.sh
</pre>
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<p>To get and run the C version:</p>
<pre>
wget http://bit.ly/1U7PEYq
cc -o tuxx -Wall -I/usr/local/include -L/usr/local/lib tuxx.c -lwiringPi
sudo ./tuxx
</pre>
<p>to get the latest via GIT:</p>
<pre>
git clone git://git.drogon.net/gpioExamples
cd gpioExamples/tuxx
make
sudo ./tuxx
</pre>
<p>Do examine the code (both the C and Bash versions) to understand how they work and how to adapt them for your own projects</p>
<p>Enjoy!</p>
<p>-Gordon</p>
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Software for RaspBerry Pi

We can write the program to control the simulator in a variety of languages. Using the gpio program we can do it in a simple shell script (...

More LEDs and a Button – part 3

Wall's Corners

Link Author

Title: More LEDs and a Button – part 3
Author: Wall's Corners
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

We’ll add 2 more LEDs and a button now and here is the final photo: The Tux Crossing Board Finished Tux Crossing – Breadboard layout ...

<p>We’ll add 2 more LEDs and a button now and here is the final photo:</p>
<div id="attachment_386" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="http://bit.ly/1S4RHdy" target="_blank"><img alt="The Tux Crossing Board" class="size-medium wp-image-386" height="222" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" src="http://bit.ly/1YqnFIs" srcset="http://bit.ly/1YqnFIs 300x, http://bit.ly/1S4RHdy 1024x" title="The Tux Crossing Board" width="300" /></a>
<p class="wp-caption-text">The Tux Crossing Board</p>
</div>
<div id="attachment_838" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="http://bit.ly/1S4RrLE" target="_blank"><img alt="Tux Crossing" class="size-medium wp-image-838" height="300" src="http://bit.ly/1YqmTLF" title="Tux Crossing" width="264" /></a>
<p class="wp-caption-text">Finished Tux Crossing – Breadboard layout</p>
</div>
<p>So we now have a traffic light/pelican (Tux!) crossing simulator.</p>
<p>The 2nd Red <a href="http://bit.ly/1WT6RcH" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="LED"><strong>LED</strong></a> is connected to <em><strong>wiringPi</strong></em> pin 3, (GPIO-22), and the 2nd Green <a href="http://bit.ly/1UhB2tm" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="LED"><strong>LED</strong></a> is connected to <em><strong>wiringPi</strong></em> pin 4, (GPIO-23).</p>
<p>Test them as before with the <em><strong>gpio</strong></em> command, e.g.</p>
<pre>
for i in 0 1 2 3 4 ; do gpio mode $i out; done
for i in 0 1 2 3 4 ; do gpio write $i 1; done
for i in 0 1 2 3 4 ; do gpio write $i 0; done
</pre>
<p>The button is connected to <strong><em>wiringPi</em></strong> pin 8, (GPIO-0/SDA0), and the other side is connected to 0v. This pin has a 1.8KΩ resistor connecting it to +3.3v on the <a href="http://bit.ly/27ItTrs" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="Raspberry Pi"><strong>Raspberry Pi</strong></a> board. What this means is that when we set the pin to input mode and read the value, we are going to read in a logic high value (or 1 in our number terms), and when we push the button we connect the pin to 0v then the input will read a logic low value, or zero. This may appear to be the opposite way round to what we might expect, but we can easily cater for it in our programs.</p>
<p>Some designs for connecting buttons to the Rasberry Pi may include additional resistors, designed to protect the chips pin should you accidentally program it as an output. It’s not strictly necessary, but if you do program it as output, and write a high value to the pin, then you run the risk of damaging the pin, and possibly the chip.</p>
<p>We read the button as follows:</p>
<pre>
gpio mode 8 input
gpio read 8
</pre>
<p>The <em><strong>gpio</strong></em> program will print 1 or 0 depending on the state of the button. Expect it to print 1 when the button is not pressed, and print 0 when it is pressed.</p>
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More LEDs and a Button – part 3

We’ll add 2 more LEDs and a button now and here is the final photo: The Tux Crossing Board Finished Tux Crossing – Breadboard layout ...

Two more LEDs – tutorial simple part 2

Wall's Corners

Link Author

Title: Two more LEDs – tutorial simple part 2
Author: Wall's Corners
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

No surprises here – add 2 more LEDs to the board as shown below: Added two more LEDs Three LEDs on the breadboard They are wired up a...

<p>No surprises here – add 2 more LEDs to the board as shown below:</p>
<div id="attachment_383" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="http://bit.ly/1S4RuHg" target="_blank"><img alt="Added two more LEDs" class="wp-image-383" height="215" src="http://bit.ly/1Yqnv3J" title="Added two more LEDs" width="300" /></a>
<p class="wp-caption-text">Added two more LEDs</p>
</div>
<div id="attachment_848" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="http://bit.ly/1S4R97j" target="_blank"><img alt="Three LEDs on the breadboard" class="size-medium wp-image-848" height="300" sizes="(max-width: 272px) 100vw, 272px" src="http://bit.ly/1YqnRrb" srcset="http://bit.ly/1YqnRrb 272x, http://bit.ly/1S4REOU 928x, http://bit.ly/1S4R97j 1079x" title="Three LEDs on the breadboard" width="272" /></a>
<p class="wp-caption-text">Three LEDs on the breadboard</p>
</div>
<p>They are wired up as before with the Yellow LED being connected to <em><strong>wiringPi</strong></em> pin 1 (GPIO-18) and the Green LED on <em><strong>wiringPi</strong></em> pin 2 (GPIO-21)</p>
<p>Test with the <em><strong>gpio</strong></em> program as before. e.g.</p>
<pre>
gpio mode 0 out
gpio mode 1 out
gpio mode 2 out
gpio write 0 1
gpio write 1 1
gpio write 2 1
</pre>
<p>to turn the all on.</p>
<p>If you want to do this somewhat easier, then we can use the shell programming system:</p>
<pre>
for i in 0 1 2 ; do gpio mode $i out; done
for i in 0 1 2 ; do gpio write $i 1; done
for i in 0 1 2 ; do gpio write $i 0; done
</pre>
<p>to do this using the <a href="http://bit.ly/26nCnnf" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="GPIO"><strong>GPIO</strong></a> pins:</p>
<pre>
for i in 17 18 21 ; do gpio -g write $i 1; done
</pre>
<p>If the above doesn’t make sense to you, then don’t worry for now.</p>
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Two more LEDs – tutorial simple part 2

No surprises here – add 2 more LEDs to the board as shown below: Added two more LEDs Three LEDs on the breadboard They are wired up a...

A single LED – tutorial simple part 1

Wall's Corners

Link Author

Title: A single LED – tutorial simple part 1
Author: Wall's Corners
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Before we even get started with the GPIO, lets make an LED light up by simply wiring it to the +3.3v supply and 0v. Single LED Lit up ...

<p>Before we even get started with the GPIO, lets make an LED <a href="http://bit.ly/1VNpzU4" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="light"><strong>light</strong></a> up by simply wiring it to the +3.3v supply and 0v.</p>
<div id="attachment_378" class="wp-caption aligncenter">
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/1Q3iXit" target="_blank"><img alt="Single LED" class="size-medium wp-image-378" height="225" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" src="http://bit.ly/1Pt4JBS" srcset="http://bit.ly/1Pt4JBS 300x, http://bit.ly/1Q3icG4 400x, http://bit.ly/1Q3iXit 1024x" title="Single LED" width="300" /></a></p>
<p class="wp-caption-text">Single LED Lit up</p>
</div>
<div id="attachment_919" class="wp-caption aligncenter">
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/1Pt4oz2" target="_blank"><img alt="One LED on the 3.3v supply" class="size-medium wp-image-919" height="300" sizes="(max-width: 267px) 100vw, 267px" src="http://bit.ly/1Q3i5u3" srcset="http://bit.ly/1Q3i5u3 267x, http://bit.ly/1Pt4dnt 911x, http://bit.ly/1Pt4oz2 948x" title="One LED on the 3.3v supply" width="267" /></a></p>
<p class="wp-caption-text">One LED on the 3.3v supply</p>
</div>
<p> </p>
<p>So… We have a yellow wire from the Pi’s +3.3v supply to the breadboard and this connects to an LED then via a 270Ω (ohm) resistor to 0v. The green wire connects back to the Pi.</p>
<p>(Note that here and in the following pages, the <em>Fritzing</em> breadboard layout is slightly different from the photos – it’s the same circuit, just laid out in a way that makes it easy to see in the images)</p>
<p>Refer to the <a href="http://bit.ly/1Q3iFYS" target="_blank" title="Pins">diagram here</a> to work out the pins we’re using. From this view the 3.3v pin on the GPIO connector is to the top-left, or pin number 1 on the connector.</p>
<p>In electronics terms, our circuit diagram looks like this:</p>
<div id="attachment_412" class="wp-caption aligncenter">
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/1Pt5BGs" target="_blank"><img alt="LED Circuit diagram" class="size-medium wp-image-412" height="300" src="http://bit.ly/1Q3iGfo" title="LED Circuit diagram" width="205" /></a></p>
<p class="wp-caption-text">LED Circuit diagram</p>
</div>
<p>A quick word about the electronics involved. LEDs are <a href="http://bit.ly/1Pt3Au6" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="Light"><strong>Light</strong></a> Emitting Diodes and the diode part is important for us – they only pass electricity one way, so we need to make sure we put them in the right way round. They have a long leg and a slightly shorter leg. The long leg goes to the plus side and the shorter leg to the negative (or 0v) side. If we’re cut the legs short (as I have done here), then another way is to look at the side of the LED – there will be a flat section. Think of the flat as a minus sign and connect that to the 0v side of the circuit.</p>
<p>If we allow too much current through the LED, it will burn very bright for a very short period of time before it burns out, so we need a resistor to limit the current. Calculating the resistor value is not difficult but for now, just use anything from 270Ω to 330Ω. Anything higher will make the LED dimmer.</p>
<p>So now we have a lit LED. What we really need to do is make it easily turn on and offable – preferably by a command or program running on the <a href="http://bit.ly/26nCm2K" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="Raspberry"><strong>Raspberry</strong></a> Pi.</p>
<p>We need to move the yellow wire to one of the programmable GPIO pins. We’ll move it to <em><strong>wiringPi</strong></em> pin 0 (GPIO-17) which is notionally the first user GPIO pin. (It’s physical location is pin 11 on the GPIO connector)</p>
<div id="attachment_380" class="wp-caption aligncenter">
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/1Pt3C57" target="_blank"><img alt="LED controlled by GPIO" class="size-medium wp-image-380" height="225" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" src="http://bit.ly/1Q3hM2y" srcset="http://bit.ly/1Q3hM2y 300x, http://bit.ly/1Pt3MJM 400x, http://bit.ly/1Pt3C57 1024x" title="LED controlled by GPIO" width="300" /></a></p>
<p class="wp-caption-text">LED controlled by GPIO</p>
</div>
<div id="attachment_846" class="wp-caption aligncenter">
<p><a href="http://bit.ly/1Q3iHQB" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="size-medium wp-image-846" height="300" src="http://bit.ly/1Pt4Ptf" title="Breadboard layout for GPIO controlled LED" width="267" /></a></p>
<p class="wp-caption-text">Breadboard layout for GPIO controlled LED</p>
</div>
<p>Do check against the wiring diagram to work out which pin on the connector to use. The LED will initially be off because normally the GPIO pins are initialised as inputs at power-on time.</p>
<p>If you haven’t already done so, <a href="http://bit.ly/1Q3iGMx" target="_blank" title="Download and Install">download and install wiringPi</a>. This will give you some libraries to use in C programs, but also a command-line program which we can use to test the GPIO with.</p>
<p>Type the commands:</p>
<pre>
gpio mode 0 out
gpio write 0 1
gpio write 0 0
</pre>
<p>If all has gone well, the LED should come on, then go off again. The first <em><strong>gpio</strong></em> command above sets pin 0 to output mode, the 2nd sets pin 0 to the value “1” – logic 1 which puts a 3.3v signal on the pin, and turns the LED on, and the last one turns it off again.</p>
<h4>A word about GPIO pin numberings…</h4>
<p>t’s often customary to refer to the GPIO pins on a microcontroller by the pin number on the chip originating the signal (or by the internal register name and bit-number). The <a href="http://bit.ly/26nCm2w" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="Arduino"><strong>Arduino</strong></a> system decided that that was complex for newcomers and used a system called <strong><em>wiring</em></strong> which started the pin numbers at zero and worked upwards. This had the advantage of making sure that when they moved to new chips which possibly had different internal configurations, etc. the pin numbers would remain the same. I have adopted this scheme in my <em><strong>wiringPi</strong></em> library for the <a href="http://bit.ly/1T5ac2c" itemprop="url" target="_bank" title="Raspberry"><strong>Raspberry</strong></a> Pi, but I also allow for the native GPIO numbering scheme too. You will probably see the GPIO numbering scheme elsewhere though, so I’ll give examples using both schemes.</p>
<p>If you look at the <a href="http://bit.ly/1Q3iFYS" target="_blank" title="Pins">pins chart</a>, then it gives both values. You can see that <em><strong>wiringPi</strong></em> pin 0 is GPIO-17. <em><strong>wiringPi</strong></em> pin 1 is GPIO-18, <em><strong>wiringPi</strong></em> pin 2 is GPIO-21 an so on. To use the GPIO pin numbering then you need to pass the -g flag to the <strong><em>gpio</em></strong> program:</p>
<pre>
gpio -g write 17 1
gpio -g write 17 0
</pre>
<p>This should turn the LED on then off again.</p>
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View more at: <a href="http://bit.ly/1XReQFr">http://bit.ly/1XReQFr</a>

A single LED – tutorial simple part 1

Before we even get started with the GPIO, lets make an LED light up by simply wiring it to the +3.3v supply and 0v. Single LED Lit up ...

Software for RaspBerry Pi

More LEDs and a Button – part 3

Two more LEDs – tutorial simple part 2

A single LED – tutorial simple part 1

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